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The earsplitting calls of vulgar hippos can be heard from more than half a Swedish mile ( 1 kilometer ) aside — and when a Hippo Regius hears the booming call of an unfamiliar hippo , the fauna often responds by get loose a dramatic spray of dung .
Hippos(Hippopotamus amphibius ) spray dung as a mode to mark their territory , but until now , scientist did n’t do it that an unfamiliar hippo ’s call could provoke this behaviour in another hippo . In a new bailiwick , published Monday ( Jan. 24 ) in the journalCurrent Biology , researchers observe hippos at the Maputo Special Reserve in Mozambique and found that the animals accredit and react differently to the call option of different hippo in the field , depend on whether those hippos live in the same territory , a neighboring territory or somewhere far away .
Specifically , the hippos could differentiate a familiar Hippo Regius from a stranger by the sound of their " wheeze honk , " the animals ’ signature call .
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" The wheeze honk is recognized as the characteristic call of the hippo , consisting of a higher pitched ' wheeze ' conform to by several ' honks , ' " said Maria Maust - Mohl , an associate professor in the psychological science section at Manhattan College in New York City , who studies animal communication and was not need in the study . That initial " wheeze " intumesce quickly and loudly , like the sound of a trombone , and the " honk " that follow sound sort of like a rich , throaty laugh .
Hippos often produce wheeze honks at the same fourth dimension as others in their social group , as if in chorus , and seem to go the call in reaction to changes in their environs , Maust - Mohl told Live Science in an email . For this reason , it ’s thought that the wheeze honk may be a cardinal element of hippo social communicating , Maust - Mohl and her colleagues reported in a 2015 study published inThe Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . Now , the novel field of study reveals how wheeze honks may serve hippos define their social groups and distinguish friend from foe .
" As a territorial species , it would not be unusual for hippos to have adapted this ability to distinguish and oppose differently to hippos that may be more familiar versus those that may be more of a threat , " Maust - Mohl said . " The findings of this cogitation suggest the wheeze honk may function to help hippos determine the bearing and identity of other hippos nearby , as well as communicate within and between groups in their shared habitats . "
But although the subject field offers fresh insights , " I think the sample sizing is a turn small , " say Camille Fritsch , a postdoctoral researcher at the University of KwaZulu - Natal in South Africa , who analyze hippo behavioural environmental science and was not involved in the sketch . The enquiry could be reduplicate in larger groups of hippos , in dissimilar home ground and at dissimilar times of the yr , since the distribution of hippos switching between the soused and juiceless season , he say . " It will definitely lead to further study . "
Hippos provender at dark , squander up to 80 pounds ( 35 kilogram ) of grass each eve , and the massive herbivores gather in body of water during the day , make radical that typically lie in of a prevailing male person , a variable number of female and juvenile , and a few peripheral Male .
" On the same lake , several groups , or pods , can live together , " Nicolas Mathevon , a co - fourth-year author of the sketch and director of the Sensory Neuro - Ethology Team at the University of Saint - Etienne in France , told Live Science in an email . " When we decided to study hippos , a question forthwith turn out : can they recognise each other by voice ? "
To resolve this dubiousness , the team recorded wheeze honks from seven different groups of Hippo live on lakes at the Maputo Special Reserve . The group sizes range from three individuals to 22 ; hippo on the reserve often live in groups of 10 to 25 , depend on the region , Miguel Gonçalves , the taciturnity ’s park warden , told Live Science in an email .
With these recordings in hand , the squad then pose up verbalizer near each hippo group ’s habitat , place about 230 to 295 feet ( 70 to 90 meters ) forth from the creature , and play back the strait .
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The hippo reacted to the recording by producing their own wheeze honks , approaching the speaker or marking their territory with BM , or by displaying a mixture of these doings — but their reception varied depending on which recording was played , the team found .
The hippos record the least reaction to phone call from soul within their mathematical group , and reacted slightly more strongly to individuals from neighboring groups at the same lake , the team found . These reply typically only included wheeze - honk and approaching the speaker , and included little to no marking . But the beast consistently prove the strongest reaction to calls from strangers and marked far more often in response to these sounds .
It makes sentiency that hippos would show less aggressiveness towards hippos they have sex , Fritsch tell . The size of it of hippos ' societal groups grow and squinch with the alter seasons ; as water resource become scarce in the dry season , little grouping of hippos accumulate at one water root and merge into a single , prominent group , Fritsch articulate . " They have some sympathy of who ’s around them . And therefore , it would make sentience that they are less strong-growing towards those individuals , " he aver .
It would be interesting to see if and how these social dynamics change over time , as hippo group move around and their densities thin out or grow more concentrated , he say . It would also be interesting to restate the experiment with river horse living in unlike habitat , such as rivers and flood plain , rather than lake . The new sketch , although somewhat limit , unfold the door to look into these extra questions , he said .
In the recollective term , this line of enquiry could help environmentalist well protect hippo population , Mathevon said . For example , in the event that conservationists postulate to relocate hippos to a Modern habitat , " it may be possible to get the local Hippopotamus amphibius used to the voice of the novel 1 before they arrive , and frailty versa , " Mathevon articulate . Of of course , hippos may still be raise by the sight or smell of an unfamiliar hippo , even if they recognize the sound of their voice . But infix the voice ahead of meter may still aid , he said .
Gonçalves harmonize that such study of hippo communication could help inform translocation strategies , should that ever be involve at the stockpile . The inquiry could also be utilitarian for gauge hippo population sizes , by someday allowing scientists to estimate the density of a hippo radical based on the amount of sound it produce , for example , he say .
" Although hippo are not list as endangered , their populations are declining rapidly , " Maust - Mohl say ; gratefully , within the confines of the Maputo Special Reserve , estimates intimate that the local hippo population is presently increase , Gonçalves note . " next study of their behavior and communication can avail amend the management and preservation of this metal money by allowing us to better understand the nature of their societal groups , " Maust - Mohl said .
Originally release on Live Science .
